-There is no water
available, or there is very little water which is needed for something else, or
one will be harmed by using the water (even if plenty is available).
Al-Uthaymeen explains that if a person is able to find or buy water then they
must do so, if not they may perform at-Tayammum based on the Aayah, “and you find no water, then perform Tayammum with clean earth and rub therewith your faces and hands” [5:6]
Inability includes
illness or extreme weather conditions. However, in both of these cases all
avenues must be stressed before resorting to at-Tayammum. So if a person is
sick they must try and wipe and if the person finds cold water they must heat
the water up, otherwise they are excused – “And do not kill yourselves (nor kill one another). Surely, Allah is Most Merciful to you.” [4:29] and the Hadeeth
of ‘Amr bin Aass who performed at-Tayammum in cold weather based on this Aayah.
A-Harm can be harm to
oneself or others; so if a person uses water by harming others then this is not
allowed.
B-Also included in
ability is if the water doesn't belong to him, he is not allowed to take it by
force – be it water that belongs to a Muslim or non-Muslim.
C-If a person fears
for his wealth, then he may perform at-Tayammum. Such as a person being out in
the wild and fears that his provisions may be stolen if he goes to seek water.
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