It is narrated on the authority of Abu Huraira that when the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) breathed his last and Abu Bakr was appointed as his successor (Caliph), those amongst the Arabs who wanted to become apostates became apostates. 'Umar b. Khattab said to Abu Bakr:
Why would you fight against the people, when the Messenger of Allah declared: I have been directed to fight against people so long as they do not say: There is no god but Allah, and he who professed it was granted full protection of his property and life on my behalf except for a right? His (other) affairs rest with Allah. Upon this Abu Bakr said: By Allah, I would definitely fight against him who severed prayer from Zakat, for it is the obligation upon the rich. By Allah, I would fight against them even to secure the cord (used for hobbling the feet of a camel) which they used to give to the Messenger of Allah (as zakat) but now they have withheld it. Umar b. Khattab remarked: By Allah, I found nothing but the fact that Allah had opened the heart of Abu Bakr for (perceiving the justification of) fighting (against those who refused to pay Zakat) and I fully recognized that the (stand of Abu Bakr) was right.
Benefits from Imaam Abu Zakriyyah Yahyaa an-Nawawi:
-al-Khattabi said that
apostasy after the Prophet was of two types: those who left Islam altogether
and joined the likes of Musaylimah from Banee Haneefah and Aswad al-Ansi from
Yemen.
Another group claimed
to be Muslim but wanted or did change the laws of Islam. This was rampant to
the extent that Islam was only in three places, Makkah, al-Madeenah and the
village of Abd al-Qays in Bahrain called Joo'aatha
-Abu Bakr fought those
didn't give Zakaat but from their progeny arose those who revolted against ‘Ali.
Nawawi says the
Bughaat started with not giving Zakaat and were the people of Riddah in origin.
-From the tribes that
didn't give Zakaat were Banu Yarbu'.
-Banoo Haneefah
apostated, some following Musaylimah and the Companions supported Aboo Bakr in
this from this came Khawlah, the concubine of Alee and the mother of Muhammad
bin Al-Hanafiyyah
-The Rawafid accuse
Abu Bakr for fighting against those who withheld Zakaat as being oppressive.
This conflicts the Ijmaa of the Companions.
-If people withhold
Zakaat then they are Kuffar once the Hujjah is placed on them, this was the
nature of the debate between Abu Bakr and Umar.
-Kufr can be in
denying Tawheed but knowingly denying any aspect of Islam also.
-We take the apparent
state of the Muslim, including if he repents from sinning or hiding Kufr with
the Jamhoor, but Malik and Ahmad said the Tawbah of the Zindeeq (the renegade
or the innovator) is not accepted.
Nawawi states that the
correct view is that it is accepted as long as he sincerely repents and leaves
it, he doesn't return to it, he doesn't call to it and he isn't under duress
and repents willingly.
-In this is proof for
the Shafi'ees that it's permitted to take assets as part of Zakaat on trade, if
the one paying Zakaat doesn't give money, "If they prevent a rope..."
Others said what this
means is that the rope refers to the animal as a simile.
Usoolee Benefits
-In this is proof for
Qiyaas as Abu Bakr made Qiyaas between as-Salaat and az-Zakaat, and there is
Ijmaa in its validity.
-In it is proof for
Ijmaa.
-In it is proof for
making Takhsees through Qiyaas, as the prohibition to kill Muslims is general
but the command to pay Zakaat is specific.
-In it is proof that
Ahkaam are bound by Shuroot and Istihnaa.
-Khitaab is of three
types: to Ummah, to the Prophet and to Ummah via the Prophet.
-Every action present
at the time of the Prophet remains valid until today, including that which
relate to leadership.
-The narration of Abu
Hurayrah is abridged whereas Anas and Ibn Umar narrated longer narrations which
mention “facing the same Qiblah as us”, “Paying the Zakaat” and “Eating
our slaughtered meat”.
-It's not permitted
for a Mujtahid to make Taqleed of another Mujtahid as Umar didn't blindly
follow Abu Bakr.
-The virtue of having
scholars who are able to derive and be grave like Abu Bakr was.
[Sharh Saheeh Muslim, 1/274-290]
And Allaah Knows Best
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